For the IT Solutions Plan I researched three possible technological innovations for United Mobile Response System. Their goal was to create a Mobile Communications Center (MCC) for disaster response teams. After researching various options I recommended a system that would work to establish an off-grid communications infrastructure for disaster response.
Final Project: Information Technology Solutions Plan
United Mobile Response Systems (UMRS) is creating a Mobile Command Center (MCC) for disaster response teams using a rugged military Humvee as a platform. The MCC needs a reliable system for remote communications in the event that a natural disaster wipes out the existing communications infrastructure.
Milestone 1: Background, Research and Critique
United Mobile Response Systems (UMRS) wants to expand its ability to aid in disaster response support by creating a portable Mobile Command Center (MCC) that will be housed in a military HUMVEE that is modified for this purpose. This section of the report will present solutions for the communications infrastructure and remote power sources that could be used as a solution for the MCC.
Needs and Challenges
UMRS has multiple needs and challenges when it comes to this project. In a natural disaster emergency, communications are necessary to help those in need of rescue, supplies and medical care. The ruggedized MCC will provide this support by utilizing the following:
Mobility – Although the solution for a rugged vehicle to transport the MCC has already been decided on, UMRS still needs a solution for a portable communications infrastructure. A workable system for communications would need to have hardware, software, internet access, and a power source that works off-grid.
Range – The range of the communications has been specified as a ten-mile radius from the MCC. The equipment must also be able to work with external devices to boost signal and communicate with the command base that provides the central relief coordination efforts if needed.
Data – The communications solution must also have the ability to transmit multiple data types including voice. The guidelines specify that extending communications and connectivity to surrounding areas is imperative. By having a portable network including servers for data maintenance, satellite communications, and wireless access points with external signal boosters the MCC can supply these services.
Suggested Innovative Technologies
A project like this will need a combination of technologies to work properly. Combining an off-grid powers source, a communications network, and a data management infrastructure will be necessary to reach UMRS’s goal of creating a reliable MCC. Below are three options for combining technology for a workable solution.
Option 1: Microwave Radio and Wind Energy
Microwave Radio technology uses GPS auto acquire microwave antennae to transmit wireless Long Term Evolution (LTE) internet service long distances to remote locations via a series of “hops” (nodes that transmit the signal). A hardware system like the Ericsson Mini-Link 6600 series line provides a split mount system where the internal hardware contains the Network Processing Unit (NPU) board and the Switch for connectivity within the Local Area Network (LAN) being created. The external hardware is the small microwave antenna that receives the wireless signal. (Mini-Link 6600, 2021) The internal unit can be paired with a wireless router, creating a wireless Access Point (AP). The AP can be paired with signal boosters or signal repeaters to cover a large area with full wireless network connectivity for everyone in the disaster relief team and the victims of the disaster. The Mini-Link 6600 runs about $7000 with booster units running in $1500 for the needed coverage. (Ericsson Mini-Link, 2021)
A power supply would be needed with this kind of remote system. Thankfully, these days, there are multiple options for energy production in an off-grid setting. Wind energy is gathering popularity with the innovation of smaller, portable, and personal units. Recreational Vehicle enthusiasts use wind turbines mounted to the top of their RV’s for use off-grid. Ranging from a $250 for smaller, portable turbines that can generate up to 800W of electricity to $2000 for a 1500W, these could be a viable option for UMRS. (Highly efficient small wind turbine generators, 2021)
Option 2: Mobile Mesh Network and HUMVEE Energy
A Mobile Mesh Network would allow members of the disaster response team to create their own widespread communication network using cell phones and mesh networking devices even in areas where there is no cell service and no internet. “Mobile mesh networks form by creating peer-to-peer (or device-to-device) connections between mobile phones or IoT (internet of things) devices. Connections form through Bluetooth, WIFI direct, and existing phone technologies.” (McLennon, 2019) The range for this option is only limited by the number of people carrying a small mesh network device. The range could actually be endless. All it would take is a mesh network device like the rechargeable goTenna, a device a little bigger than a thumb drive, and their smart phone. The goTenna devices connect to each other with radio signals for up to a six-mile range in between each device. They can even send a broadcast message to all devices within the mesh network. The goTenna Application is downloaded onto the smart phone and provides the user with the ability to send and receive text messages, images, audio recordings and GPS coordinates. The downside, compared to Radio communication, is that direct voice communication is not possible. As team members work at their locations, the ability to communicate strengthens with the addition of more goTennas in their area. (goTenna Mesh: spec sheet for mesh, 2021)
For the power source in this option, the only power needed would be to charge the goTennas about every 36 hours, and cell phones maybe once per day. The HUMVEE’s 2400w power supply could handle this task.
Option 3: Satellite Internet, the Cloud and Solar Energy
With the right equipment, Satellite Internet would be a great solution for UMRS. Satellite connectivity would not be affected by terrain and with SpaceX’s Starlink Satellites going up in droves, connectivity is soon going to be easy and affordable across the planet, even in remote locations. Even though globally accessible Satellite Internet may be a new concept, Satellite communication is decades old. This means that the machinery that we need for this project has already been designed. Comprehensive Communication Services (CCS) manufactures mobile command centers for every space, from smaller units that can be carried in a backpack to larger portable trailers. The suggestion for this project would be to use the CCS Portable Emergency Response Center (PERC) system. It is a portable wireless communication center that connects to any pre-determined Satellite. “This man-portable command center delivers, in worst case scenarios, broadband speeds of no less than 464 Kbps to 20 mbps and supports up to 20 concurrent wireless devices with VOIP or data transmissions. Four ethernet (RJ-45) POE ports are available in the PERC case to facilitate to higher speed, greater bandwidth, wired connections, when available.” (Man-portable global emergency command center, 2021) With access to global internet there will be no need to lug around servers for data management. Cloud connectivity will be an option. The quote from the Owner of CSS, Gary Collins, lists a median price for the PERC at $5700 per unit.
The PERC comes equipped with a battery that will last 24 hours and can be recharged by a vehicle’s DC outlet or any 120v or 220v wall outlet. (Man-portable global emergency command center, 2021) I would suggest pairing the PERC with a portable solar unit with a rechargeable power station like the Yeti3000X. The Yeti3000X can charge anything from phones to appliances and is compatible with solar panels for recharging. (Becker, 2021) This power station comes in at $3500 with included solar panels. (Goal zero yeti3000x with solar kit, 2021) This power system has been added for redundancy. The Humvee can provide 2400W of electricity when needed, but UMRS shouldn’t rely on the vehicle for renewable power. If the local infrastructure is down, gas station pumps won’t work. Some disaster areas may not even have gas stations. The solar power station can continuously charge and store power for the satellite communications infrastructure.
Assessment of Suggested Technologies
Option 1: Microwave Radio and Wind Energy
Positives:
· Wide-spread, wireless LAN that is also connected to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) giving the team access to the Wide Area Network (WAN).
· Renewable Energy Source for continuous energy production.
· Space saving and highly portable.
· Supports all types of data transfer.
Negatives:
· Use of the Microwave Radio antennae requires, and initial ISP base connected to the WAN. This may not always be available to use within a few hundred miles of the disaster site. It would be ideal for areas hit by tornadoes or even a hurricane, because surrounding infrastructure may not be affected.
· Wind Energy is dependent on wind, and it is not suitable for continuous generation of energy unless the disaster happens in the Mid-West. A good scenario for this option would be tornado sites in Oklahoma where wind is abundant.
· The total purchase price could be upwards of $12,000.
Option 2: Mobile Mesh Network and HUMVEE Energy
Positives:
· Unlimited, widespread communication between team members and victims of the disaster in an area with no networking or energy infrastructure.
· This option has a very low cost compared to other solutions. It would be $179.00 per goTenna mesh network device.
· These devices would take up little to no space inside the HUMVEE. They fit in a team member’s pocket along-side their cell phone. There is no outside technology or connectivity needed. No servers, no signal boosters, no communications towers or power generation devices.
Negatives:
· The blatant down-side to this option is that there would be no outside connectivity to the internet or any sort of Wide Area Network. There would be no way to call outside of the disaster area, so this method of communication would need to be used in conjunction with another method of outside communication.
Option 3: Satellite Internet, the Cloud and Solar Energy
Positives:
Satellite Internet that supports all forms of communication globally.
Access to the cloud for data management.
Completely portable and able to fit within the HUMVEE.
Scalability with connection ports for WIFI Access Points.
Able to connect to WIFI regardless of terrain.
Negatives:
· The price for this option for this option is more than the Mobile Mesh network, and comparable to the Microwave antennae technology. However, the capability of global communication is well worth the price tag.
Technology Selection
(Man-Portable Global Emergency Command Center, 2021)
The best option for the UMRS MCC would be the third option presented. The main reason for this choice is space, power usage, reliability and portability. The Satellite Internet proposition checks all the boxes for this project. Stakeholders are spending anywhere from $35,000 on a decommissioned military Humvee (Dahl, 2016) to over $100,000 for a new military grade Humvee. (Keyes, 2011) Spending a median price of $5700 on the PERC communications that are the most important part of this project would be well within acceptable spending limits. Currently, over 1000 Starlink Satellites have launched to space and many more are in the works. SpaceX is already in the beta testing phase with actual customers. The cost of Satellite communication is going to go down rapidly in the next few years and the accessibility is going to rise. (O'Callaghan, 2020)
A benefit for customers is the access provided to Cloud Computing platforms in a remote location. The platforms can be accessed remotely from the PERC communications Local Area Network. Cloud Computing Platforms store and manage data in a secure environment and offer various levels of security based on customer needs. The MCC product will not come with satellite service or Cloud Computing service. This is to the customer’s advantage because they will be able to customize those services according to their own budgetary limitations.
Milestone 2: Adoption and Strategies Proposal
In the previous section a solution has been proposed that uses multiple technologies working together to create a unified, off-grid communications infrastructure.
Comprehensive Communications Services’ Portable Emergency Response Center (PERC). This is a complete Satellite Communications system that fits inside a backpack sized case. It is “man-portable”, meaning it will fit within the Humvee and also be able to be removed and set up in whatever area provides the best satellite connectivity. It can be operated by one person.
The Yeti 3000X portable battery and solar re-charging station. This can be used in place of or interchangeably with the Humvee’s power system, creating a completely off-grid setup.
A satellite internet service: Hughesnet and Viasat are two among many established high speed satellite internet providers available now, and many more providers are in the works. I will expand on these innovations further on.
In this section of the report the topic of why now is the right time for UMRS to adopt satellite communications technology for their Humvee MCC project will be discussed, and how this decision will impact the future success of the company.
Phase of the Innovative Technology
The UMRS MCC Project will rely heavily on satellite communications technology. Stakeholders need to know that investing in this technology will not lead to disaster in the event that satellite communication faces discontinuity. Calculating the level of risk is part of most project planning frameworks. Thankfully this is an industry with a wide knowledge base spanning decades. It may seem strange to say that satellite communications are an innovative technology. The world, and especially the military, has been using satellite communications for decades. So, what makes this project innovative, and what will give it longevity? The answer to these questions has to do with new developments in the satellite communications industry that significantly lower the risk of adopting this technology for UMRS’s signature product.
Satellite communications have been around for a long time, seemingly limping along and then jumping ahead in spurts due to periodic innovations. So far, satellite internet has not become dominant over other forms of internet service. It has been stuck in a Fluid Phase where “products or services based on the technology might be crude, unreliable, or expensive, but might suit the needs of some market niches.” (Schilling, 2017) Satellite communication is notorious for being expensive and this limits diffusion into the market. For example, satellite internet service covers 57 percent of the United States, but is only used by 6 percent. “Satellite internet is the ISP of last resort in much of the US; it's more expensive and more strictly capped than cable, fiber, or DSL.” (Segan, 2019) Most of the successful innovations in satellite technology have come because of military and government use of satellites, which is definitely a niche market, but one with the funding necessary for experimentation. At first glance it looks like satellite communication should be on its way out for commercial use or may become even more expensive as the customer base narrows. However, in the last decade, changes and innovations in enabling technologies have led to a big jump in satellite communication innovations. This industry will reach an Era of Incremental Change in the next five years.
It may be surprising that the Dominant Design that is moving satellite communications into the Specific Phase is not in the realm of satellite technology. The Specific Phase is reached when “the dominant design establishes a stable architecture for the technology and enables firms to focus their efforts on process innovations that make production of the design more effective and efficient or on incremental innovations to improve components within the architecture.” (Schilling, 2017) The Dominant Design that has helped the Satellite Communications Industry is actually the reusable space rocket. Satellite companies have seen the potential market created by the lower cost of space launches. This competition drives down prices for customers and also spurs companies to become more innovative to increase their level of service for customers.
The latest innovation in the satellite industry is the success of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations. Several companies are expecting their LEO satellite constellations to become a disruptive technology for the internet industry. However, you cannot provide satellite internet services without first getting satellites to space. With SpaceX’s invention of the reusable rocket, launching satellites into space has become more affordable, reducing launch prices from around $95 million to as low as $30 million. (Sheetz, Elon Musk touts low cost to insure SpaceX rockets as edge over competitors, 2020) This is a significant savings for satellite service companies and is causing the market to explode with competition. More space exploration companies are creating reusable rockets, and more technology companies are looking to start providing satellite internet services. Here is a list of top current competitors seeking to build satellite constellations by partnering with companies that are experienced in space launch:
Starlink will be launching a global constellation of satellites using SpaceX rockets. They have hundreds of satellites up and running and are already in beta testing. They offer unlimited service for $99 per month.
Telesat, an established Canadian satellite communications company will be partnering with Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin space travel company to launch their constellation of satellites by 2023. (Telesat to build a $5 billion global satellite network to bring fiber-like internet to businesses, 2021)
Amazon is set to invest $10 billion into his Kuiper Project and is completing satellite designs and specifications this year. Jeff Bezos has his own means of launching satellites into orbit with Blue Origin. (Sheetz, 2020)
These companies are seeking to place satellite constellations in LEO as opposed to much higher geostationary orbit. “Low flying satellites can transmit data more quickly and offer much lower latency (or lag time).” (Cooke, 2021)
Timeline for the Innovative Technology
The UMRS Business Development and Marketing (BDM) Team “has been surveying and interviewing government disaster response personnel as well as analyzing and responding to recent Requests for Information and Market Surveys that have been released by various US and international organizations, including FEMA and the international relief organization UNICEF.” (IT-515 Final Prject Guidelines and Rubric, 2021) Based on intensive research they believe that a “viable and profitable market exists” for the MCC. This research suggests that entering into this market now would be a great decision for UMRS, but there are more aspects of this project that will make it beneficial for UMRS into the future.
There are many details that reinforce the idea that the future of satellite communication is not only secure but set to be profitable for complimentary technologies far into the future. But, what about the state of satellite communications right now? Hughesnet and Viasat are the two companies that currently supply commercially available high speed broadband internet via satellite, though their satellites are in geostationary orbit not LEO. This year, 2021, Viasat is launching its own constellation. They will not be focusing on small, LEO satellites, but instead are staying true to their model. “In 2021, Viasat plans to launch the first of three new satellites with even higher capacity. Also strategically placed in geostationary orbits — the ViaSat-3 constellation will be able to beam bandwidth to virtually anywhere on the globe. With this constellation, Viasat aims to be the first global internet service provider.” (Miller, 2019) All market research points to a long future for satellite communications, and the time to create complementary technologies is now.
Looking towards the future of satellite communications, SpaceX Starlink Satellite internet service is already in beta testing with over 10,000 participants worldwide. So far, the tests are living up to the hype and Starlink is set to be a dominant design that could disrupt the Internet Service Provider (ISP) industry by changing the way we use the internet. Several other companies are not far behind. Both SpaceX and Amazon have gained approval from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to place their satellites into LEO. They are expecting to supply the entire world with high speed, low latency, affordable broadband internet within the next few years.
The Satellite Communications market is defined by Network Externalities. Meaning, “the benefit from using a good, increases with the number of other users of the same good.” The company, or companies, that will win out in the end will be the ones who are able to build the widest customer base, supplying longevity. With company names like SpaceX, Amazon, and Viasat investing in satellite communications technology we can be assured that the future of the industry is secure. These are all highly technical companies that have proven track records of success.
Variables for Success of the Technology
In the 1990’s there was a similar race to get LEO satellite constellations up and going. The idea fizzled out after several companies went bankrupt attempting to be first. (Daehnik, 2020) This failure paved the way for companies to try again almost three decades later by supplying a list of variables to work on that previously caused the projects to fail. The past two decades have brought innovations that removed the barriers for LEO constellation development. Variables that will lead to successful LEO constellation projects (Daehnik, 2020):
Space Travel Innovations: Significant reduction in the cost of space launch to bring satellites into orbit. This is helpful for current and future satellite installations, because satellites in LEO will have a shelf life and will need to be replaced.
Satellite Innovations: Advancements in satellite technology are bringing fast broadband internet with low latency, creating a demand in the market. Satellite ISPs will be able to compete with wired ISPs.
Time: Faster turn-around for launching more satellites with the use of reusable rockets. More satellite coverage means more reliability and a wider customer base.
Complementary Technologies: Satellites for personal use in the 1990’s cost thousands, but now an entire setup for individuals will be in the hundreds. This will speed up adoption and customer buy-in, which helps diffusion of the innovation into the market.
Funding: Technology companies have a lot more money for investing in the LEO projects now than they did in the 1990’s. The FCC is also pouring hundreds of millions into companies willing to take on the project.
Who will win the race to be the first global internet provider is not yet known, but it is clear that satellite communications companies have been innovating as fast as they can to get there. The competition is heating up and within the next five years there will be a massive diffusion of global satellite communication options into the market. This all goes to show that the future of the proposed MCC Project is secure, the risk of developing this technology is low and the time of entry into the market is now.
Milestone 3: Implementation Process
It has been established by the UMRS marketing team that a there is a viable market for the MCC project. The UMRS team of disaster response professionals have reviewed and approved the proposal. Now it is time for UMRS to decide on a plan for implementing the new technology.
MCC Implementation Plan
UMRS has decided to partner with other technology companies to put together an MCC vehicle capable of setting up a communications infrastructure. Collaborating on the MCC project will save money by providing access to necessary skills and resources, preventing UMRS from having to manufacture the products in house or pay for licensing the technology. This will also cut down the development cycle time. There are three companies that will collaborate on the MCC project with UMRS. These are some details on how each collaboration will work:
AM General: The MCC Humvees purchased from AM General will need to be retrofitted to accommodate the communications systems. Since UMRS has not been a vehicle manufacturing or vehicle customization company in the past, it would be very expensive to build the infrastructure necessary to do this work in-house. The partnership with AM General should not only include the purchase of the vehicles but also any modification necessary to accommodate the communications equipment. This is a form of Outsourcing call Contract Manufacturing. “Contract Manufacturing allows firms to meet the scale of market demand without committing to long term capital investments or an increase in labor force, thus giving the firm greater flexibility.” (Schilling, 2017)
Comprehensive Communications Systems (CCS): UMRS should contract with CCS to create a PERC system that will meet the needs of disaster response employees. After field testing the system, UMRS may want to adjust the routing capabilities for infrastructure scalability or add portable repeaters for certain terrains based on where the MCC will be marketed. UMRS should enter into a Strategic Alliance with CCS. “Firms may use strategic alliances to access a critical capability that is not possessed in-house.” (Schilling, 2017) In this alliance, UMRS will be able to access and collaborate on satellite communications technology. CCS will benefit in several was also, not only from profits from selling PERC systems. “Alliances are also used to enable partners to learn from each other and develop new competencies.” (Schilling, 2017) CCS will have the benefit of constant feedback from Emergency Response professionals who will be using the system in real world situations.
Goal Zero: The Goal Zero YETI 3000x Solar Power Generator will be used as a backup, off-grid power system. While these systems are manufactured for off-grid, rugged use and portability, there may need to be some custom modifications to secure them within the MCC Humvee. UMRS should also enter into a Contract Manufacturing collaboration with Goal Zero for the manufacture of their YET 3000x power systems.
A satellite internet provider will be necessary later but will be determined by the customer who purchases the MCC. UMRS does not have to partner with any specific satellite provider in order to develop and assemble the MCC, though it may be necessary to secure a temporary contract when testing the vehicle.
Stakeholders
UMRS has internal and external stakeholders, not only UMRS Management, staff and shareholders, but CCS, AM General, and Goal Zero also have a stake in the project’s success. “Research results indicated that: shareholder, senior manager, staff, user, competitor, government and other stakeholders actually affect development and effectiveness of enterprise technology innovation.” (Rui & Ya, 2006) When stakeholders are misaligned on their ideas and goals it can not only delay the speed to market, but it could completely derail the project. It is important to communicate with all stakeholders about the project plan, set reasonable expectations, and gain buy-in from all involved. The Economist suggests three main areas to focus in when working to gain buy-in from stakeholders through the completion of the project (Rogriquez, 2021):
“Ensure Senior Leaders champion cooperation.” – Getting support from senior leadership in the companies involved in the MCC project will encourage buy-in from others in the company.
“Involve stakeholders from the beginning and plan for uncertainty.” – Communicating the plans early on increases buy in from stakeholders. Uncertainties will happen in every new product development process, so communicating often throughout the process, especially when there is a potential problem can keep stakeholders on board.
“Regularly engage stakeholders about their assumptions.” – It would be very difficult to reach a complete consensus on the project plans with so many stakeholders involved. There will inevitably be varying assumptions about where the project is going and how it will get there. Each department has a plan, and each company has a plan and there is a lot of room for misaligned goals. The suggested method of dealing with this is to have the project managers meet with stakeholders on an individual basis to gauge their ideas and assumptions, giving them an opportunity to correct and miscommunications.
Ethical Compliance
There are two aspects of ethical compliance that UMRS should be concerned about. The first has to do with its collaborations with other companies. CCS, Goal Zero and AM General will not want to work with a company that does not treat them well. They are providing a necessary product and service to UMRS and in turn, UMRS needs to make sure that all marketing and advertisements give credit to the companies involved in the venture. Another ethical concern is the sharing and disclosure of proprietary information. Working closely inevitable means some information will be shared between companies. Respecting those boundaries will be necessary for gaining trust between companies.
The second aspect of ethical compliance would be UMRS’ duty to its customers. Emergency Response crews need full disclosure on any potential product defects that could complicate their mission. They are providing potentially life-saving communications and reliability is very important. Not only reliability, but security is also important. The satellite communications networks will be possibly used for government communications. The services being offered need to ensure the data security of Emergency Response crew and the victims who will use the system for communicating. Full disclosure of the systems limitations should be well communicated.
Legal Compliance
The same two ethical concerns can easily translate into legal concerns. The strategic alliance and the manufacturing contracts can be structured in a way that clearly defines what each party will be responsible for and what each company will lawfully get credit for and be paid for. This helps set expectations for all involved, and UMRS can avoid lawsuits later. Setting these parameters can also make the collaboration less stressful because everyone knows what they are giving and receiving up front.
If UMRS is not going to offer network security as part of the communications infrastructure beyond the firewall that is built into the router, they should communicate this to customers. Any network has the potential to be hacked and data stolen. A network is only as secure as the people involved in setting it up and the people accessing it. Instructions and disclaimers can be included with the equipment. UMRS should consult with legal teams on what technical communications are necessary to avoid legal repercussions. Pairing the MCC product with Satellite Service Providers and a secure Cloud Computing Platform is a good strategy to suggest to customers.
Security
UMRS is not creating a specific innovative technology, so a patent on the MCC would not be appropriate in this situation. The best strategy for protecting the MCC project and dominating the market for this type of vehicular innovation is a complex topic. There are several strategies UMRS can utilize that do not include legal patents and that will help the MCC launch without immediate competition, allowing it to stay on top of the market.
Collaboration Contracts: Items of exclusivity and confidentiality can be written into the contracts between companies. This can prevent the contracted company from making similar products for other companies, and from disclosing any information about the product or process.
Non-Disclosure Agreements: Each company can have employees sign non-disclosure agreements that prevent them from discussing the product until it is officially launched.
Appropriability: “The appropriability of an innovation is determined by how easily or quickly competitors can imitate the innovation.” (Schilling, 2017) By securing an exclusive relationship with their collaborators, UMRS is creating a socially complex dynamic that would be difficult for competing companies to replicate.
The combination of the MCC Humvee, CCS Satellite Technology, Goal Zero off-grid power sources will be a winning design for UMRS. This combined with the burgeoning success of LEO satellite constellations that decrease cost and increase global satellite communication coverage will create continued success for UMRS far into the future. Now is the perfect time for UMRS to collaborate on this innovative technology and develop the product for market.
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